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1850 - 19001850 - Augustus Waller describes appearance of degenerating nerve fibers1850 - Marshall Hall coins the term spinal shock 1850 - Emil Du Bois-Reymond invents nerve galvanometer 1851 - Heinrich Muller is first to describe the colored pigments in the retina 1851 - Marchese Alfonso Corti describes the cochlear receptor organ in the inner ear (organ of Corti) 1851 - Hermann von Helmholtz invents ophthalmoscope 1852 - A. Kolliker describes how motor nerves originate from the neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord 1852 - George Meissner and Rudolf Wagner describe encapsulated nerve endings later known as "Meissner's corpuscles" 1853 - William Benjamin Carpenter proposes "sensory ganglion" (thalamus) as seat of consciousness 1854 - Louis P. Gratiolet describes convolutions of the cerebral cortex 1855 - Bartolomeo Panizza shows the occipital lobe is essential for vision 1855 - Richard Heschl describes the transverse gyri in the temporal lobe (Heschl's gyri) 1856 - Albrecht von Graefe describes homonymous hemianopia 1859 - Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species 1859 - Rudolph Virchow coins the term "neuroglia" 1860 - Albert Niemann purifies cocaine 1860 - Gustav Theodor Fechner develops "Fechner's law" 1860 - Karl L. Kahlbaum describes and names "catatonia" 1861 - Paul Broca discusses cortical localization 1861 - T.H. Huxley coins the term "calcarine sulcus" 1862 - William Withey Gull describes clinical signs of syringomyelia 1862 - Hermann Snellen invents the eyechart with letters to test vision 1863 - Ivan Mikhalovich Sechenov publishes Reflexes of the Brain 1863 - Nikolaus Friedreich describes a progressive hereditary degenerative CNS disorder (Friedreich's ataxia) 1864 - John Hughlings Jackson writes on loss of speech after brain injury 1865 - Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters differentiates dendrites and axons 1865 - Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters describes the lateral vestibular nucleus (Deiter's nucleus) 1866 - John Langdon Haydon Down publishes work on congenital "idiots" 1866 - Julius Bernstein hypothesized that a nerve impulse is a "wave of negativity" 1867 - Theodore Meynert performs histologic analysis of cerebral cortex 1868 - Julius Bernstein measures the time course of the action potential 1868 - Friedrich Goll describes the fasciculus gracilis 1869 - Francis Galton claims that intelligence is inheredited (publication of Hereditary Genius) 1869 - Johann Friedrich Horner describes eye disorder (small pupil, droopy eyelid) later to be called "Horner's syndrome" 1870 - Eduard Hitzig and Gustav Fritsch discover cortical motor area of dog using electrical stimulation 1870 - Ernst von Bergmann writes first textbook on nervous system surgery 1871 - Weir Mitchell provides detailed account of phantom limb syndrome 1872 - George Huntington describes symptoms of a hereditary chorea 1872 - Sir William Turner describes the interparietal sulcus 1873 - Camillo Golgi publishes first work on the silver nitrate method 1874 - Jean Martin Charcot describes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1874 - Vladimir Alekseyevich Betz publishes work on giant pyramidal cells 1874 - Roberts Bartholow electrically stimulates human cortical tissue 1874 - Carl Wernicke publishes "Der Aphasische Symptomencomplex" on aphasias 1875 - Sir David Ferrier describes different parts of monkey motor cortex 1875 - Richard Caton is first to record electrical activity from the brain 1875 - Wilhelm Heinrich Erb and Carl Friedrich Otto Westphal describe the knee jerk reflex 1876 - David Ferrier publishes "The Functions of the Brain" 1876 - Franz Christian Boll discovers rhodopsin 1876 - Francis Galton uses the term "nature and nurture" to explain "heredity and environment" 1877 - Jean-Martin Charcot publishes "Lectures on the Diseases of the Nervous System" 1878 - W. Bevan Lewis publishes work on giant pyramidal cells of human precentral gyrus 1878 - Claude Bernard describes nerve/muscle blocking action of curare 1878 - The first Ph.D. with "psychology" in its title is given to Granville Stanley Hall at Harvard University 1878 - Paul Broca publishes work on the "great limbic lobe" 1878 - W.R. Gowers publishes "Unilateral Gunshot Injury to the Spinal Cord" 1878 - Harmon Northrop Morse synthesized acetaminophen (paracetamol) 1878 - Louis-Antoine Ranvier describes regular interruptions in the myelin sheath (nodes of Ranvier) 1879 - Camillo Golgi describes the "musculo-tendineous organs" (later to be know as the "Golgi tendon organs") 1879 - Mathias Duval introduces an improved method of embedding tissue using collodion 1879 - Hermann Munk presents detailed anatomy of the optic chiasm 1879 - William Crookes invents the cathode ray tube 1879 - Wilhelm Wundt sets up lab devoted to study human behavior 1880 - Jean Baptiste Edouard Gelineau introduces the word "narcolepsy" 1880 - Friedrich Sigmund Merkel describes free nerve endings later known as "Merkel's corpuscles" 1881 - Hermann Munk reports on visual abnormalities after occipital lobe ablation in dogs 1883 - Sir Victor Horsley describes effects of nitrous oxide anesthesia 1883 - Emil Kraepelin coins the terms neuroses and psychoses 1884 - Franz Nissl describes the granular endoplasmic reticulum ("Nissl Substance") 1884 - Karl Koller discovers anesthetic properties of cocaine 1884 - Georges Gilles de la Tourette describes several movement disorders 1884 - Theodor Meynert publishes A Clinical Treatise on the Diseases of the Forebrain 1885 - Paul Ehrlich notes that intravenous dye does not stain brain tissue 1885 - Carl Weigert introduces hematoxylin to stain myelin 1885 - Ludwig Edinger describes nucleus that will be known as the Edinger-Westphal nucleus 1885 - Hermann Ebbinghaus publishes On Memory 1886 - Joseph Jastrow earns the first Ph.D. from the first formal PhD program in psychology at Johns Hopkins University. 1886 - V. Marchi publishes procedure to stain degenerating myelin 1887 - Sergei Korsakoff describes symptoms characteristic in alcoholics 1887 - The National Institutes of Health established 1887 - Alfred Binet and C. Fere publish Animal Magnetism, a study on hypnosis 1887 - Adolf Eugen Fick makes the first contact lens out of glass for vision correction 1888 - William Gill describes anorexia nervosa 1888 - William W. Keen, Jr. is first American to remove intracranial meningioma 1888 - Hans Chiari introduces the term "syringomyelia" 1888 - Giovanni Martinotti describes cortical cells later known as "Martinotti cells" 1889 - Santiago Ramon y Cajal argues that nerve cells are independent elements 1889 - William His coins the term dendrite 1889 - Sir Victor Horsley publishes somatotopic map of monkey motor cortex 1889 - Carlo Martinotti describes cortical neuron with ascending axon (this neuron now bears his name, Martinotti cell) 1889 - F.C. Muller-Lyer discovers the Muller-Lyer illusion 1890 - Wilhelm Ostwald discovers the membrane theory of nerve conduction 1890 - William James publishes Principles of Psychology 1891 - H. Quincke introduces the lumbar puncture 1891 - Wilhelm von Waldeyer coins the term neuron 1891 - Luigi Luciani publishes manuscript on the cerebellum 1891 - Heinrich Quinke develops the lumbar puncture (spinal tap) 1892 - Salomen Eberhard Henschen localizes vision to calcarine fissure 1892 - American Psychological Association formed 1892 - Arnold Pick first describes "Pick's disease" 1893 - Paul Emil Flechsig describes myelinization of the brain 1893 - Charles Scott Sherrington coins the term proprioceptive 1894 - Franz Nissl stains neurons with dahlia violet 1894 - Margaret Floy Washburn is the first woman to receive a Ph.D. (Cornell University) in psychology 1895 - William His first uses the term hypothalamus 1895 - Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen invents the X-ray 1895 - Heinrick Quincke performs lumbar puncture to study cerebrospinal fluid 1895 - Formalization of the cranial nerve number system published in Basle Nomina Anatomica 1896 - Max von Frey details "stimulus hairs" to test the somatosensory system 1896 - Rudolph Albert von Kolliker coins the term axon 1896 - Camillo Golgi discovers the Golgi apparatus 1896 - Joseph Babinski describes the Babinski Sign 1896 - Emil Kraeplein describes dementia praecox 1897 - Ivan Petrovich Pavlov publishes work on physiology of digestion 1897 - Karl Ferdinand Braun invents the oscilloscope 1897 - John Jacob Abel isolates adrenalin 1897 - Charles Scott Sherrington coins the term synapse 1897 - Ferdinand Blum uses formaldehyde as brain fixative 1897 - Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is synthesized by Felix Hoffmann 1898 - Charles Scott Sherrington describes decerebrate rigidity in cat 1898 - Edward Lee Thorndike describes the puzzle box 1898 - Bayer Drug Company markets heroin as nonaddicting cough medicine 1898 - John Newport Langley coins the term autonomic nervous system 1898 - Angelo Ruffini describes encapsulated nerve endings later known as Ruffini corpuscles 1899 - Francis Gotch describes a "refractory phase" between nerve impulses 1899 - Bayer AG markets aspirin 1899 - Karl Gustav August Bier uses cocaine for intraspinal anesthesia |
 John Hughlings Jackson Image courtesy of the National Library of Medicine, History of Medicine Collection  Charles Darwin  Hermann von Helmholtz  Jean-Martin Charcot  Claude Bernard Images courtesy of the Blocker History of Medicine Collections, Moody Medical Library, Univ. Texas Med. Branch, Galveston
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