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1900 - 19501900 - Sigmund Freud publishes The Interpretation of Dreams1900 - Charles Scott Sherrington states that cerebellum is head ganglion of the proprioceptive system 1900 - M. Lewandowsky coins the term "blood-brain barrier" (Bluthirnschranke) [ref: Aschner and Kerper, Mol. Biol. and Tox. of Metals, 2000] 1902 - Julius Bernstein proposes membrane theory for cells 1902 - Physiologist Ida Hyde is the first woman elected to the American Physiological Society 1903 - Ivan Pavlov coins the term conditioned reflex 1903 - Alfred Walter Campbell studies cytoarchitecture of anthropoid cerebral cortex 1904 - Procaine is synthesized 1905 - Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon have their first intelligence test 1905 - John Newport Langley coins the phrase "parasympathetic nervous system" 1906 - Alois Alzheimer describes presenile degeneration 1906 - Golgi and Cajal-Nobel Prize-Structure of the Nervous System 1906 - Sir Charles Scott Sherrington publishes The Integrative Action of the Nervous system that describes the synapse and motor cortex 1907 - Ross Granville Harrison describes tissue culture methods 1907 - John Newport Langley introduces the concept of receptor molecules 1908 - Vladimir Bekhterew describes the superior nucleus of the vestibular nerve (Bekhterew's nucleus) 1908 - Victor Alexander Haden Horsley and Robert Henry Clarke design stereotaxic instrument 1908 - Willem Einthoven makes string galvanometer recordings from the vagus nerve 1909 - Harvey Cushing is first to electrically stimulate human sensory cortex 1909 - Korbinian Brodmann describes 52 discrete cortical areas 1909 - Karl Jaspers publishes "General Mental Illness" 1910 - Emil Kraepelin names Alzheimer's disease 1911 - Allvar Gullstrand-Nobel Prize-Optics of the eye 1911 - Eugen Bleuler coins the term schizophrenia 1911 - George Barger and Henry Dale discover norepinephrine (noradrenaline) 1913 - Santiago Ramon y Cajal develops gold chloride-mercury stain to show astrocytes 1913 - Edwin Ellen Goldmann finds blood brain barrier impermeable to large molecules 1913 - Edgar Douglas Adrian publishes work on all-or-none principle in nerve 1913 - Walter Samuel Hunter devises delayed-response test 1914 - Robert Barany-Nobel Prize-Vestibular apparatus 1914 - Henry H. Dale isolates acetylcholine 1915 - J.G. Dusser De Barenne describes activity of brain after strychnine application 1915 - Aspirin becomes available without a prescription 1916 - Richard Henneberg coins the term cataplexy 1916 - George Guillain, Jean Alexander Barre and Andre Strohl describe an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (Guillain-Barre Syndrome) 1918 - Walter E. Dandy introduces the ventriculography 1919 - Cecile Vogt describes over 200 cortical areas 1919 - Walter E. Dandy introduces the air encephalography 1919 - Gordon Morgan Holmes localizes vision to striate area 1919 - Pio del Rio Hortega divides neuroglia into microglia and oligodendroglia 1920 - Society of Neurological Surgeons is founded 1920 - Henry Head publishes "Studies in Neurology" 1920 - Stephen Walter Ranson demonstrates connections between the hypothalamus and pituitary 1921 - Otto Loewi publishes work on Vagusstoff 1921 - Hermann Rorschach develops the inkblot test 1921 - John Augustus Larsen and Leonard Keeler develop the polygraph 1921 - del Rio Hortega describes microglia 1922 - Army Medical Library established (was the Library of the Surgeon General's Office) 1924 - Charles Scott Sherrington discovers the stretch reflex 1925 - C. von Economo and G.N. Koskinas revise Brodmann's cortical nomenclature of the cerebral cortex 1926 - Percival Bailey and Harvey Cushing publish paper describing more the 2,000 neuroepithelial neoplasms 1927 - Chester William Darrow studies galvanic skin reflex in US 1928 - Philip Bard suggests the neural mechanism of rage is in the diencephalon 1928 - Walter Rudolph Hess reports "affective responses" to hypothalamic stimulation 1928 - John Fulton publishes his observations (made in 1926 and 1928) of the sounds of blood flowing over the human visual cortex 1929 - Hans Berger publishes his findings about the first human electroencephalogram 1929 - Karl Lashley defines "equipotentiality" and "mass action" 1927 - J. Wagner-Jauregg - Nobel Prize-Malaria to treat dementia paralyses 1928 - Edgar Douglas Adrian publishes The Basis of Sensation 1929 - Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser publish work on the correlation of nerve fiber size and function 1929 - Walter B. Cannon coins the term homeostasis 1930 - John Carew Eccles shows central inhibition of flexor reflexes 1931 - Ulf Svante von Euler and J.H. Gaddum discover substance P 1932 - Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska invent the electron microscope 1932 - Jan Friedrich Tonnies develops multichannel ink-writing EEG machine 1932 - Edgar Douglas Adrian and Charles S. Sherrington share Nobel Prize for work on the function of neurons 1932 - Jan Friedrich Toennies and Brian Matthews design the differential amplifier 1932 - Smith, Kline and French introduce the first amphetamine, Benzedrine 1933 - Ralph Waldo Gerard describes first experimental evoked potentials 1934 - S. Howard Bartley performs studies on cortical visual evoked potentials in rabbits 1935 - Dexedrine (an amphetamine) introduced to treat narcolepsy 1935 - Frederic Bremer uses cerveau isole preparation to study sleep 1936 - Egas Moniz publishes work on the first human frontal lobotomy 1936 - Henry Hallett Dale and Otto Loewi share Nobel Prize for work on the chemical transmission between nerves 1936 - Walter Freeman performs first lobotomy in the United States 1937 - James Papez publishes work on limbic circuit 1936 - Massachusetts General Hospital has first EEG laboratory 1937 - Heinrich Kluver and Paul Bucy publish work on bilateral temporal lobectomies 1937 - James W. Papez develops "visceral theory" of emotion 1937 - John Zachary Young suggests that the squid giant axon can be used to understand nerve cells 1938 - Isador Rabi coins term "magnetic resonance" 1938 - B.F. Skinner publishes "The Behavior of Organisms" that describes operant conditioning 1938 - Albert Hofmann synthesizes LSD 1938 - Ugo Cerletti and Lucino Bini treat human patients with electroshock 1938 - Franz Kallmann publishes "The Genetics of Schizophrenia" 1939 - Carl Pfaffman describes directionally sensitive cat mechanoreceptors 1939 - Nathaniel Kleitman publishes Sleep and Wakefulness 1942 - Stephen Kuffler develops the single nerve-muscle fiber preparation 1943 - John Raymond Brobeck describes hypothalamic hyperphasia 1944 - Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser share Nobel Prize for work on the functions of single nerve fiber 1946 - Theodor Rasmussen describes the olivocochlear bundle (bundle of Rasmussen) 1946 - President Truman signs the National Mental Health Act 1947 - The American EEG Society is founded 1948 - The World Health Organization is founded 1949 - Kenneth Cole develops the voltage clamp 1949 - A.C.A.F. Egas Moniz-Nobel Prize-Leucotomy to treat certain psychoses 1949 - Walter Rudolph Hess receives Nobel Prize for work on the "Interbrain" 1949 - Horace Winchell Magoun defines the reticular activating system 1949 - John Cade discovers that lithium is an effective treatment for bipolar depression 1949 - Giuseppi Moruzzi and Horace Winchell Magoun publish Brain Stem Reticular Formation and Activation of the EEG 1949 - National Institute of Mental Health was formally established 1949 - Donald Olding Hebb publishes The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory |
 Charles Scott Sherrington Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine.
 Egas Moniz Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine |
1950 - present1950 - Karl Lashley publishes "In Search of the Engram"1950 - Eugene Roberts and J. Awapara independently identify GABA in the brain 1950 - The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke established (it has gone through several name changes) 1951 - MAO-inhibitors introduced to treat psychotics 1951 - B.F. Skinner describes shaping in a paper titled "How to Teach Animals" 1952 - Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Fielding Huxley first describe the voltage clamp 1953 - Brenda Milner discusses patient HM who suffers from memory loss of hippocampal surgery 1953 - Eugene Aserinski and Nathaniel Kleitman describe rapid eye movements (REM) during sleep 1953 - H. Kluver and E. Barrera introduce Luxol fast blue MBS stain 1953 - Stephen Kuffler publishes work on center-surround, on-off organization of retinal ganglion cell receptive fields 1954 - James Olds describes rewarding effects of hypothalamic stimulation 1954 - John Lilly invents the "isolation tank" 1954 - Chlorpromazine was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration 1956 - L. Leksell uses ultrasound to examine the brain 1956 - National Library of Medicine named (was the Army Medical Library) 1956 - Rita Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen isolate and purify nerve growth factor 1957 - W. Penfield and T. Rasmussen devise motor and sensory humunculus 1957 - The American Medical Association recognizes alcoholism as a disease 1958 - Haloperidol introduced as a neuroleptic drug 1959 - P. Karlson and M. Lusher coin the term "pheromone" 1960 - Oleh Hornykiewicz shows that brain dopamine is lower than normal in Parkinson's disease patients 1961 - Georg Von Bekesy awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on the function of the cochlea 1961 - Levadopa successfully treats parkinsonism 1962 - Eldon Foltz performs the first cingulotomy to treat chronic pain 1963 - John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Fielding Huxley share Nobel Prize for work on the mechanisms of the neuron cell membrane 1965 - Ronald Melzack and Patrick D. Wall publish gate control theory of pain 1965 - Drug Abuse Control Act 1967 - Ragnar Arthur Granit, Halden Keffer Hartline and George Wald share Nobel Prize for work on the mechanisms of vision 1968 - Alexander Romanovich Luria publishes The Mind of a Mnemonist; A Little Book About a Vast Memory 1968 - National Eye Institute is established 1969 - D.V. Reynolds describes the analgesic effect of electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray 1970 - The Society for Neuroscience is formed 1970 - Julius Axelrod, Bernard Katz and Ulf Svante von Euler share Nobel Prize for work on neurotransmitters 1972 - Godfrey N. Hounsfield develops x-ray computed tomography 1973 - Candace Pert and Solomon Snyder demonstrate opioid receptors in brain 1973 - Sinemet is introduced as a treatment for Parkinson's disease 1973 - Konrad Z. Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch share Nobel Prize for work on ethology 1973 - Timothy Bliss and Terje Lomo describe long-term potentiation 1974 - National Institute on Drug Abuse established 1974 - International Association for the Study of Pain founded 1974 - John Hughes and Hans Kosterlitz discover enkephalin 1974 - M.E.Phelps, E.J.Hoffman and M.M.Ter Pogossian develop first PET scanner 1974 - First NMR image (a mouse) is taken 1975 - John Hughes and Hans Kosterlitz publish work on enkephalins 1976 - Choh Hao Li and David Chung publish work on beta-endorphin 1976 - Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann develop the patch-clamp technique 1977 - Roger Guillemin and Andrew Victor Schally share Nobel Prize for work on peptides in the brain 1981 - David Hunter Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel-Nobel Prize-visual system 1981 - Roger Wolcott Sperry awarded Nobel Prize-functions brain hemispheres 1982 - Bengt Ingemar Bergstrom, John Robert Vane and Sune K. Bergstrom awarded Nobel Prize for the discovery of prostaglandins 1986 - Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini awarded Nobel prize for their work on the control of nerve cell growth 1987 - Fluoxetine (Prozac) introduced as treatment for depression 1990 - U.S. President George Bush declares the decade starting in 1990 the "Decade of the Brain" 1991 - Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann share the Nobel Prize for their work on the function of single ion channels 1992 - National Institute on Drug Abuse becomes part of the National Institutes of Health 1993 - The gene responsible for Huntington's disease is identified 1994 - Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell share the Nobel Prize for their discovery of G-protein coupled receptors and their role in signal transduction 1997 - Stanley B. Prusiner awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of prions; a new biological principle of infection 2000 - Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel share the Nobel Prize for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system 2004 - Linda B. Buck and Richard Axel share the Nobel Prize for their discoveries about odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system |
