Ruthel, G. and Banker, G. (1998) Actin-dependent anterograde movement of growth‑cone‑like structures along growing hippocampal axons: a novel form of axonal transport?  Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility 40:160-173.

Jareb, M. and Banker, G. (1998) The polarized sorting of membrane proteins expressed in cultured hippocampal neurons using viral vectors.  Neuron 20: 855-867.

Muslimov, I.A., Banker, G., Brosius, J., and Tiedge, H.  (1998) Activity-dependent regulation of dendritic BC1RNA in hippocampal neurons in culture.  J. Cell Biol 141: 1601-1611.

Craighead, H.G., Turner, S.W., Davis, R.C., James, C., Perez, A.M., St. John, P.M., Isaacson, M.S., Kam, L., Shain, W., Turner, J.N., and Banker, G. (1998) Chemical and topographic surface modification for control of central nervous system cell adhesion.  J. Biomed. Devices 1: 49-64.

Ruthel, G. and Banker, G. (1999)  The role of moving growth-cone-like “wave” structures in the outgrowth of cultured hippocampal axons and dendrites. J Neurobiol. 39:97‑106.

Esch, T., Lemmon, V., and Banker, G.  (1999) Local presentation of substrate molecules directs axon specification by cultured hippocampal neurons.  J Neurosci. 19:6417‑26.

Shogomori,  H., Burack,  M.A., Banker, G., Futerman, A.H.  (1999)  Gangliosides GM1 and GD1b are not polarized in mature hippocampal neurons.  FEBS Lett 458:107‑111.

James, C.D., Davis, R.C., Meyer, M., Perez, A., Turner, S., Withers, G., Kam, L. Banker, G., Craighead, H.G., Isaacson, M., Turner, J.N., Shain, W. (2000) Aligned microcontact printing of micrometer scale polylysine structures for controlled growth of cultured neurons on planar microelectrode arrays.  IEEE Transactions in Biomedical Engineering 47: 17-21.

Withers, G.S., Higgins, D., Charette, M., and Banker, G. (2000) Bone morphogenetic protein-7 increases dendritic growth and receptivity to innervation in cultured hippocampal neurons.  Europ. J. Neurosci. 12:106‑116.

Grewal, S.S., Horgan, A.M., York, R.D., Withers, G.S., Banker, G.A., Stork, P.J. (2000) Neuronal calcium activates a rap1 and B‑Raf signaling pathway via the cyclic adenosine monophosphate‑dependent protein kinase.   J. Biol. Chem. 275:3722‑3728

Burack, M.A., Silverman, M.S., and Banker, G. (2000)  The role of selective transport in neuronal protein sorting.  Neuron 26: 465-472.  

Esch, T., Lemmon, V., and Banker, G. (2000)  Differential effects of NgCAM and N-cadherin on the development of axons and dendrites by cultured hippocampal neurons.  J. Neurocytol. 29: 215-223.

Silverman, M.A.,  Kaech, S.,  Jareb, M.,  Burack, M.A., Vogt, L., Sonderegger, P., and Banker, G.  (2001)  Sorting and directed transport of membrane proteins during the development of hippocampal neurons in culture.  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:7051‑7057.

Cheng, C., Glover, G., Banker, G., and Amara, S.  (2002)  A novel sorting motif in the glutamate transporter Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 3 directs its targeting in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and hippocampal neurons.  J. Neurosci. 22: 10643-52.

Sampo, B., Kaech, S., Kunz, S., and Banker, G. (2003)  Two distinct mechanisms target membrane proteins to the axonal surface.  Neuron 37:611-24.

Oliva, A.A.Jr., James, C.D., Kingman. C.E., Craighead, H.C., and Banker, G.A. (2003)  Patterning axonal guidance molecules using a novel strategy for microcontact printing.  Neurochem. Res. 28:1639-1648.

Wayman, G., Kaech, S., Grant, W., Davare, M., Impey, S., Tokumitsu, H., Nozaki, N., Banker, G., and Soderling, T.  (2004)  Regulation of axonal extension and growth cone motility by Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase I.  J. Neurosci. 24: 3786-94.

附录:GARY实验室一些非常精彩的动画(有关AXON生长,蛋白转运等).

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axon_uniform.mov (1.3mb)

Within the first day after plating one of the short processes of a hippocampal neuron becomes defined as the single axon of the cell that grows out very rapidly. Both rate and direction of outgrowth are influenced by the nature of the substrate the axon encounters. This movie follows the elongation of the axon on a uniform substrate over a period of 16 hours. Note how the axon elongates in spurts.

Time lapse: 16.5 hours (one loop of movie)

axon_patterned.mov (1.4mb)

Nanotechnology can be used to create patterned non-uniform substrates for neurons to grow on. Here we followed axon elongation on a pattern (visualized in fluorescent green) where the axon encounters a 3-way intersection. The axon makes a sharp left turn without hesitation and after a short exploratory phase extends a branch also in the original growth direction. Finally, several hours later, the cell decides to branch in the 3rd direction, again following what appears to be an exploratory phase where it senses the track.

(When viewing on a pc, it may be necessary to reload this page to restart the animation on the left.)

Time lapse: 18 hours (one loop of movie)

Functional differences of axons and dendrites hinge upon differences in their molecular composition. Membrane proteins destined to either of the domains leave the Golgi in tubulovesicular carriers that are transported by molecular motors along microtubular tracks. Currently, we are investigating the identity and transport behavior of carriers containing axonal and dendritic cell surface proteins by tagging them with fluorescent proteins (FP’s).

This neuron expresses an FP-tagged protein (NgCAM) that turns up exclusively on the axonal cell surface. Interestingly, carriers containing this axonal protein enter freely into all the processes radiating from the cell body, i.e. the axon (top right) and all dendrites. Transport of carriers is bi-directional, both away and towards the cell body. The bright spot in the cell body corresponds to the Golgi area where the carriers originate.

Time lapse: 30 seconds (one loop of movie)

This neuron expresses an FP-tagged protein (TfR) that turns up exclusively on the dendritic cell surface. Carriers for this dendritic protein show preferential transport into dendrites (all processes left of cell body shown in 1st movie; lower branch of process shown in 2nd movie) within a day of the axon growing out (upper branch in 2nd movie).

(When viewing on a pc, it may be necessary to reload this page to restart the animation on the left.)

Time lapse: 30 seconds (one loop of movie)