蛋白组氨酸磷酸酶研究进展

中文摘要：

        主要概括磷酸酶的种类，原核细胞磷酸组氨酸生物功能及调控，哺乳动物组氨酸残基磷酸化、去磷酸化，以及组氨酸磷酸酶及其底物的最新研究进展.  信号转导在生长发育及细胞功能中起极其重要的作用.  无论在原核还是真核细胞，蛋白质磷酸化是细胞内信号转导的关键机制.  研究最多的可逆的真核蛋白磷酸化，主要发生在含有羟基的丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸残基上.  不同的激酶和磷酸酶受不同机制的调节，而调节过程中出现的差异是人类很多疾病的潜在基础.  与大量有关羟基磷酸化氨基酸的报道相比，有关氨基磷酸化氨基酸的报道甚少.  据估计，自然界中存在的磷酸组氨酸比磷酸酪氨酸多10  ~  100倍，但不如磷酸丝氨酸丰富.  虽然对脊椎动物蛋白质中存在磷酸组氨酸的认识可以追溯到20世纪60年代初,  但由于研究手段的限制，至今对脊椎动物蛋白组氨酸激酶及组氨酸磷酸酶的结构及功能知之甚少.  但是，近几年的研究有突破性的发现，克隆和重组表达哺乳动物组氨酸磷酸酶为研究氨基磷酸化氨基酸的生物功能翻开新的一章.

英文摘要：

        Signal  transduction  is  vitally  important  for  development  and  cell  survival  of  all  animals.  Most  of  signaling  processes  involve  phosphorylation  and  dephosphorylation  of  amino  acid  residues  in  proteins.  The  kinases  and  phosphatases  involved  in  signaling  processes  are  regulated  by  different  mechanisms.  So  far,  the  studies  on  protein  phosphorylation  almost  exclusively  limited  to  protein  serine/threonine  and  tyrosine  phosphorylation,  phosphorylation  of  histidine  has  only  been  sparsely  reported.  However,  phosphorylation  of  histidine  residues  has  been  extensively  studied  in  prokaryotes.  It  is  estimated  that  histidine  phosphorylation  may  account  for  6%  of  total  protein  phosphorylation  in  eukaryotes,  10-  to-100-fold  more  than  phosphotyrosine,  though  less  abundant  than  phosphoserine.  Although  the  presence  of  phosphohistidine  in  vertebrate  protein  was  described  as  early  as  in  the  1960s,  accumulated  knowledge  in  vertebrates  so  far  is  still  limited  to  O-phosphates.  The  protein  phosphatases  were  introduced,  and  the  knowledge  on  the  key  mechanisms  of  the  bacterial  two-component  system  was  summarized.  Most  importantly,  novel  mechanisms  of  phosphorylation  and  dephosphorylation  of  histidine  residues  are  described.  Finally,  the  recent  studies  about  histidine  phosphatases  are  discussed.   (责任编辑：泉水)

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蛋白组氨酸磷酸酶研究进展