Glial cells of the retina

• Muller Cells
• Astrocytes
• Microglial cells
• References

Retinal circuits

1. Circuitry for Rod Signals
   • Rods
   • Rod bipolar cells
   • Rod amacrine cells
   • AII amacrine cells
   • A17 amacrine cells
   • A18 amacrine cells
     
   • Convergence in the rod pathway
   • Summary
   • References
2. Cone pathways through the retina
   • Circuitry for cone signals
   • ON and OFF pathways
     
   • Center-surround receptive fields
   • References
3. Roles of Amacrine Cells
   • General characteristics
   • Amacrine cell circuitry as revealed by EM
   • A2: a narrow-field, cone pathway amacrine cell
   • AII: a bistratified rod amacrine cell
   • A8: a bistratified cone amacrine cell
   • A13: a small-field amacrine cell of the cone system
   • A17: the wide-field reciprocal rod amacrine cell
   • A19 and A20: ON-OFF wide-field amacrine cells
   • A22: a putative substance P containing ON-OFF neuron of the cone system
   • A18: the dopaminergic amacrine cell
   • ACh amacrines: mirror symmetric starburst cells
   • DAPI-3 cells in the rabbit retina
   • Midget system amacrine cell
   • References
4. AII Amacrine Cells. By Mahnoosh Farsaii and Victoria P. Connaughton
   • Introduction
   • Morphology and Distribution
   • Synaptic connectivity
   • Physiological responses
   • Role in duplex vision
   • References
5. Midget Pathways of the primate retina underly resolution
   • General characteristics
   • Visual acuity starts with cone spacing and midget circuitry
   • Cone to midget bipolar cell connections
   • Midget ganglion cells
     
   • Circuits underlying red and green color opponency in the human retina
   • References
6. S-cone pathways
   • Blue cones
   • S-cone bipolar cell
     
   • S-cone horizontal cell
   • S-cone ganglion cell
     
   • Hypothetical wiring diagrams of the S-cone pathways
   • References
7. Feedback Loops
   • General characteristics
   • Feedback in the outer retina
   • Interplexiform cells
     
   • Dopaminergic cells in mammals
   • Centrifugal fibers in mammalian retinas
   • References

Neuroactive Substances in the Retina

1. General characteristics
2. The neurotransmitter of neurons of the vertical pathways through the retina is glutamate
3. Gamma aminobutyric acid
   
4. Glycine
5. Dopamine is present in amacrine cells in the mammalian retina
6. Acetylcholine
7. Serotonin
8. Adenosine may be a retinal neurotransmitter
9. Substance P occurs in an amacrine type and a ganglion cell type
10. Other neuropeptides
11. NADPH-diaphorase staining and the possibility that there are nitric oxide containing neurons in the retina
12. Amacrine cell populations and mosaics arrangements are revealed by neurotransmitter immunocytochemistry
13. References

Glutamate and glutamate receptors in the vertebrate retina. by Vikki P. Connaughton

1. General overview
2. Histological techniques
3. Glutamate receptors
4. Ionotropic glutamate receptors
5. Metabotropic glutamate receptors
6. Glutamate transporters and transporter-like receptors
7. Localization of glutamate receptors types in the retina
8. Retinal neurons expressing ionotropic glutamate receptors
9. Retinal neurons expressing metabotropic glutamate receptors
10. Retinal neurons expressing glutamate transporters
11. Summary and conclusions
12. References

Bipolar cell pathways in the vertebrate retina. by Ralph Nelson and Vikki P. Connaughton