"MicroRNAs are affecting the majority of protein-coding genes, either at a functional level or an evolutionary level," says Andrew Grimson, a post-doctoral fellow in Bartel's lab.
In order to make a protein, a gene codes for a specific molecule called messenger RNA, or mRNA. Each mRNA molecule contains a blueprint for making a protein. A microRNA can bind to a short sequence on a targeted mRNA and suppress protein production.
In a paper published last January in the journal Cell, Bartel's lab, in collaboration with Chris Burge's lab at MIT, presented evidence that one third of human genes are regulated by microRNAs. In this new study, published online Nov. 24 in Science, the researchers demonstrate that microRNAs affect the expression or evolution of the majority of human genes.
Nearly all genes, the authors explain, contain short sequences that match portions of microRNAs. Some of these potential microRNA target sites are evolutionarily "conserved," meaning that they show up in the same spot on the same gene across species as disparate as the mouse and the chicken. The authors of last January's Cell paper showed that thousands of human genes contain microRNA sites that are conserved in this way. To the extent that evolution has preserved these sites more than would be expected by chance, scientists have regarded them as sites that microRNAs target.
But is a matching sequence all that's required for microRNA targeting and gene regulation, and do nonconserved sites also have the potential to disrupt protein production?
In the new study, scientists in the Bartel lab designed an experiment that zeroed in on these nonconserved targets. Grimson took mRNAs whose target sequences were not conserved and exposed them to microRNAs, which latched on without a problem. The experiment proved that a matching sequence is generally sufficient to disrupt mRNA's ability to make protein.
microRNAs决定哺乳动物的基因进化
核心摘要:
研究发现,microRNA 通过与目标 mRNA 上的短序列结合,可抑制蛋白质合成,从而影响哺乳动物基因的表达或进化。实验证明,匹配的序列通常足以干扰 mRNA 的蛋白质合成能力。进一步研究表明,在自然细胞环境中,非保守的 mRNA 与其对应的 microRNA 共存的程度较低,许多 mRNA 为了维持其功能和确保生物体的适应性,在进化过程中迅速丢失了与 microRNA 配对的位点。此外,研究还发现了一些基因在进化过程中保留 microRNA 靶标位点的极端情况。