从基因研究看未来(3)
核心摘要:
It'snotjusttheirownhealththatpeoplecareabout.Thereisalsothedesiretoprunediseasefromthefamilytree.Today,usingascientificadvancecalledpreimplantationgeneticdiagnosis(PGD),couplescancreateembryosthroughs
It's not just their own health that people care about. There is also the desire to prune disease from the family tree. Today, using a scientific advance called preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), couples can create embryos through standard fertility methods, then screen them for genetic disorders, selecting only those that are mutation-free for implantation. The practice is expensive (in the tens of thousands of dollars) and not widespread, but a recent survey of fertility clinics by the Genetics and Public Policy Center found that 28 percent have used PGD to help couples avoid diseases that strike in adulthood, like breast cancer and Huntington's. Kari and Tim Baker knew they had to give it a try. Kari's grandfather died of Huntington's, and her mother was diagnosed in 1999. Kari, a board member of the Huntington's Disease Society of America, wanted to spare her kids. Twins Brooklyn and Levi are now vibrant 2½-year-olds who will never have to worry. "There's great joy and peace in knowing we did everything we could to not pass this on," says Tim.
Testing is just one piece of the genomic revolution. A major goal is to create new sophisticated therapies that home in on a disease's biological glitch, then fix the problem. Already, genes are helping to predict a patient's response to existing medications. A prime example in this field of pharmacogenetics, says Dr. Wylie Burke of the University of Washington, is a variant of a gene called TPMT, which can lead to life-threatening reactions to certain doses of chemotherapy. A genetic test can guide safe and appropriate treatment. Two genes have been identified that influence a person's response to the anti-blood-clotting drug warfarin. And scientists are uncovering genetic differences in the way people respond to other widely used medications, like antidepressants.
Knowing a patient's genotype, or genetic profile, may also help researchers uncover new preventive therapies for intractable diseases. At Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Dr. Christopher Ross has tested several compounds shown to slow the progression of Huntington's in mice. Now he wants to test them in people who are positive for the Huntington's mutation but have not developed symptoms—a novel approach to clinical drug trials, which almost always involve sick people seeking cures. "We're using genetics to move from treating the disease after it happens," he says, "to preventing the worst symptoms of the disease before it happens."
Early on, the targets of genetic medicine were rare, single-gene disorders, like sickle-cell anemia and Tay-Sachs. Now it's time for the big guns—genetically complex but common conditions like heart disease. A number of genes have already been linked to such illnesses, but many more are at work. The human-genome project, which defines the 99.9 percent of DNA we all have in common, was the starting point. Act II: the "Hap Map"—a genetic atlas completed last year that zeroes in on the .1 percent of DNA that differs among individuals. The Hap Map is proving to be a boon to scientists, allowing them to scan whole chunks of DNA, rather than single genes, to isolate mutations responsible for disease. Already, the Hap Map has helped scientists uncover several gene variations that contribute to macular degeneration, the leading cause of vision loss in older people. At Harvard, Dr. Rudolph Tanzi is using the Hap Map to track down gene mutations that cause the common, late-onset form of Alzheimer's, which could strike as many as 16 million Americans by the year 2050. Tanzi's work is funded by the Cure Alzheimer's Fund, a nonprofit that is investing $3 million to unravel the Alzheimer's genome, which it hopes to complete by the summer of 2008. Tanzi says a prototype genetic chip to test for the disease could be available within five years. Dr. Eric Topol, of Case Western Reserve University, is hunting down genes that predispose people to heart attacks.